dos.2 Issues with established data
Since dowry try legitimately banned within the India and you may Bangladesh, somebody usually think twice to show particular dowry wide variety. The high quality question on dowry throughout the Indian dataset requires about community-dependent dowry. Including, the latest Asia Person Development Survey requires “Generally in the region to possess children including a, do you know the form of items that are provided because the gift suggestions at the time of the brand new daughter’s matrimony?” A residential district-mainly based dowry is not necessarily the same as just one dowry, that is reduced by bride’s parents in the course of wedding. Rather, practical question out-of dowry allows simply a digital answer, we.age., in the event a positive quantity of dowry try reduced (elizabeth.grams., Survey into Standing of women and Fertility in Asia and Pakistan). A binary respond to, of course, does not give much more info. The norm out-of whether or not a confident dowry number is provided matches to help you, and that’s mostly explained from the, cultural, spiritual, and you will caste backgrounds from inside the Southern area China.
Since dowry is not lawfully prohibited for the Pakistan, the quantity physically repaid by the female respondent’s moms and dads are asked rather than scheduling in good Pakistani dataset for instance the Pakistan Rural Home Questionnaire. Whether or not Pakistani interviewees may not purposefully cover real information regarding dowry methods, brand new questionnaire may still have bear in mind problems because respondents need remember the dowry amount repaid because of the their parents previously. Profile 1a plots brand new predicted number of actual dowry thinking counted from inside the Pakistani Rupees within the 2004 on to wedding season playing with studies off the fresh Pakistan Outlying Family Questionnaire. While the opinion is the fact actual dowry numbers was growing, or perhaps display a low-declining development, brand new shape means all round inclination from bear in mind mistakes. To phrase it differently, the brand new longer the latest pit within interviewees’ marriage and also the remember date, a lot more likely he’s so you can overestimate brand new dowry number.
Relationships between ladies ounts. The newest range reveals brand new predict genuine amount of dowry regressed into the ladies relationship seasons. Brand new shady city suggests 95% count on interval of your forecast quantity of dowry. The knowledge sourced elements of (a) and (b) try Pakistan Rural Home Questionnaire 2004, additionally the outlying domestic survey presented because of the publisher when you look at the 2013, correspondingly
step three Studies
Towards good all of our degree, investigation gathered within this research will be earliest to adopt explicitly an over-all tendency to overestimate an expense reduced a long time back. Much like the characteristics of in the past built-up investigation, ours are also retrospective; yet not, based on it desire, we for example implemented particular services to reduce questionnaire remember problems. Including, we requested the amount of both people-situated dowry (non-retrospective) and private dowry number paid off at the time of the latest respondent’s relationships (retrospective). While the Pakistani dowry includes gold/jewellery, clothes, furniture, cooking equipment, and the like, we queried dowry number of the goods. When we thought good respondent’s overestimation of dowry amount, particularly in the case of a marriage you to definitely occurred a great long time ago, due to the fact dowry try showed, we can and you can did look at this type of number which have those who attended the newest service. For that reason, all of our analysis into the forecast genuine levels of dowry (Fig. 1b) do not tell you people decreasing pattern, however that have people reported in Fig. 1a.
3.step 1 Questionnaire
When conducting our survey between , we intended to capture the heterogeneous aspects of the Punjab province in Pakistan. We divided Punjab (36 districts) into five regions: Pothohar (or North), Central, East, West, and South Punjab. Climate, culture (including marriage/inheritance practices), and socioeconomic conditions differ across regions but are similar within each region. We randomly selected one district from each region, namely, Rawalpindi, Mandi Bahauddin, Narowal, Muzaffargarh, and Bahawalnagar (Fig. 2). We used the district census for 1998–1999, the latest census available in Pakistan as of 2013, to randomly select six villages in rural areas in each of the five districts. We restricted sampling villages to those with a population of at least 1000 at the time of the census. In each village, we selected 22 households, following a stratified random sampling methodology. First, with assistance from the village chief, we made a list of households in the village and categorized them into a stratum. The strata are kammees Footnote 10 (i.e., traditional service or lower caste, with annual income ? PKR 200,000, > PKR 200,000) and zamindars (i.e., landowning Hohhot women and american men farmers with land < 5,>12.5 acres). Eligible households in our survey are defined as those with an economically active husband and wife aged 15–65. Second, we performed stratified random sampling so that the share of each stratum in our sample corresponds to the share of each stratum of the village population (= households).